The United States 1881-1897

Following almost three months of political paralysis created by the incapacitation of a dying President Garfield, Chester Arthur acceded to the presidency in September 1881. rising above the expectations of critics who disdained his history of political patronage while customs collector for the port of New York City, Arthur ushered in a new era of civil service reform which eschewed the spoils system of the past. In one of his last public acts before leaving office, he dedicated the Washington Monument.

In his first term, which began in 1885, Grover Cleveland furthered the government reform pormoted by his predecessor, doubling the number of federal jobs placed under the merit system. He used the power of the presidential veto hundreds of times aspart of his campaign against wasteful spending and graft.

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When Grover Cleveland returned to the WhiteHouse in 1893 - becoming the only President to serve nonconsecutive terms - the United States was descending into precedented economic turmoil. Because government notes issued to buy silver could be redeemed for gold, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act had unintentionally resulted in the depletion of the government's gold reserve, contributing to thegrowing national panic and deepening the economic crisis. Cleveland ultimately forced the repeal of the act and, with the aid of a consortium of bankers, engineered the replenishment of the Treasury's supply of gold. By 1897, the depression which had seized the Nation earlier in the decade was subsiding, and America looked toward the new century with renewed hope.



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